Hollow fiber membrane bioreactors offer a unique platform for numerous biotechnological systems. Their efficient design allows for {highyield and optimal environmental settings. The structure of the hollow fibers facilitates exchange between the working chamber and the external fluid, enabling opti

Membrane bioreactor (MBR) process has emerged as a prominent solution for wastewater treatment due to its ability to achieve high removal efficiencies of organic matter, nutrients, and suspended solids. MBRs integrate a biological reactor with a membrane separation unit, effectively combining the ad